Компресирането на човешкия гръбнак при натоварване често кара хората да предполагат, че тренировките с тежести и спортовете, свързани с голямо натоварване, могат да бъдат причина за забавяне на растежа. За утвърждаването на този мит съществен принос има изследване, направено през 1970 г. в Япония върху деца, извършващи тежък физически труд. Децата, които работели по цял ден, не израствали и оставали по-ниски. Така постепенно започва да се разпространява схващането, че натоварването с тежести възпрепятства растежа, а скачащите спортове като баскетбол и волейбол, обратно, стимулират растежа и правят човек по-висок [1,9].
Ако митът, че „тренировките с тежести забавят растежа” обаче беше истина, то тогава скачащите спортове като баскетбола трябваше да имат същия ефект върху човешкото тяло, защото натоварването върху гръбначния стълб при приземяване след скок е няколко пъти по-голямо от натоварването при тренировки с тежести [1].
Направените досега изследванията показват, че тренировките с тежести са напълно безопасни и не са открити доказателства, че те спират растежа [3,4,5]. Що се отнася до цитираното по-горе изследване в Япония, се оказва, че истинската причината за възпрепятстване растежа на децата, подложени на тежък физически труд, всъщност е системното недохранване. Съществуват наблюдения, според които приемът на достатъчно количество протеини през периода на израстване, на практика може да доведе до увеличаване на височината [1]. След края на Втората световна война например в Япония населението започва да се храни с много по-качествена храна (риба) и именно с това се обяснява, настъпилото с течение на времето, забележително увеличаване на средната височина – с 10.7 сантиметра [7]. Други наблюдения показват, че Дания се е превърнала в една от държавите с най-много високи хора като прави впечатление силната положителна корелация между височината на датчаните и увеличаването на доходите на глава от населението [8].
Човешката височина е количествена или метрична характеристика, която се определя от множество гени и фактори от околната среда. В изследванията силата на наследствеността при човешката височина се изучава чрез степента на сходство между роднините [2]. Така чрез сравняването на генетичната прилика между роднини се дава възможност генетичният ефект да бъде „отделен” от влиянието на околната среда. За да се измери колко точно е „генетичното” сходство между роднини, учените измерват също броя на споделените генетични маркери. Така някои изследвания установяват, че влиянието на генетиката върху височината на хората, живеещи в САЩ и Европа, е около и над 80% [6], а на тези в Африка и Азия – около 65% [2]. Останалото зависи от различни фактори от околната среда, но предимно от храненето [1,2].
Източници:
[1] “Как мога да си увелича височината?”. Quоara.com, [online] <https://www.quora.com/How-can-you-increase-your-height/answers/15127039#AvZgR>
[2] “Каква част от височината ни се дължи на генетика и каква част на храната?”. Scientificamerican.com, [online] <https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-much-of-human-height/>
[3] “Силови тренировки при деца и подрастващи” – Ревю на изследвания. Sports Health, 2009, [online] <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3445252/>
[4] “Погрешни схващания при тренировките с деца”. Exrx.net, [online] <http://www.exrx.net/WeightTraining/Weightlifting/YouthMisconceptions.html>
[5] “Не се наблюдава нужда от спиране на тренировките с тежести от деца и подрастващи.” Phys Sportsmed, [online] <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24393806>
[6] “Оценка на наследствеността от споделяне на геноми между братя и сестри.” – Изследване за определяне на влиянието на генетиката върху човешката височина. Journals.plos.org, [online], <http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.0020041>
[7] “Изненадващи факти за японските храни.” Westonaprice.org, [online] <https://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/traditional-diets/inside-japan-surprising-facts-about-japanese-foodways/>
[8] “Защо датчаните са толкова високи?” Randalolson.com, [online] <http://www.randalolson.com/2014/06/23/why-the-dutch-are-so-tall/>
[9] “Ефект на физическата активност върху израстването и развитието.” Доклад от Националната академия по кинезиология, САЩ, [online] <http://www.nationalacademyofkinesiology.org/AcuCustom/Sitename/DAM/129/TAP_19_EffectsofPhysicalActivityOnChildren_09.pdf>
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